En este trabajo se indaga en el comportamiento de la atenuación en los verbos que expresan duda, presentes en el corpus AMERESCO de conversaciones coloquiales de Santiago de Chile. Se describen las funciones de la atenuación de estos verbos de acuerdo con (1) el tipo de acto de habla, (2) la actividad de imagen y (3) algunas características sintáctico-discursivas. Los principales hallazgos demuestran que la atenuación se manifiesta a través de verbos doxásticos (_creer_, _parecer_, _cachar_, etc.), verbos modales (_poder_, _deber_) (...) y el verbo “saber” con polaridad negativa (“_no sé_”). Esta surge cuando se presenta lo dicho como una duda, bien para suavizar una opinión contraria o crítica, en cuyo caso su significado es de opinión, bien para informar sobre un estado de cosas, cuando su significado es epistémico. En el reconocimiento de su carácter atenuante, resultan clave el tipo de acto de habla en el que ocurren, el rol proyectado por el hablante en la conversación, la gestión de las imágenes y sus características sintáctico-discursivas, elementos que determinan si estas construcciones verbales expresan mayor o menor atenuación. (shrink)

An appropriate description for the Buddha's philosophy of persons within the frame of materialist philosophy of mind, prima facie, would understandably be a kind of reductionism, given that the Buddha reduced the self to nothing but a collection of impersonal and impermanent psychophysical elements. In this article, I argue that this view is only appropriate for understanding the self within conventional reality, as is the term used by Buddhists, and does not tackle the other half, namely, ultimate reality. I claim (...) that eliminative materialism provides a more accurate description of the Buddha's prescriptive practice, and although falling prey to the same problems that reductionism faces, creates a good basis for an alternative position of the Buddha as a Hard Eliminativist. (shrink)

I examine error diagnosis (model-model disagreement) in climate model intercomparisons including its difficulties, fruitful examples, and prospects for streamlining error diagnosis. I suggest that features of climate model intercomparisons pose a more significant challenge for error diagnosis than do features of individual model construction and complexity. Such features of intercomparisons include, e.g., the number of models involved, how models from different institutions interrelate, and what scientists know about each model. By considering numerous examples in the climate modeling literature, I distill (...) general strategies (e.g., employing physical reasoning and using dimension reduction techniques) used to diagnose model error. Based on these examples, I argue that an error repertoire could be beneficial for improving error diagnosis in climate modeling, although constructing one faces several difficulties. Finally, I suggest that the practice of error diagnosis demonstrates that scientists have a tacit-yet-working understanding of their models which has been under-appreciated by some philosophers. (shrink)

This article argues that Summa Theologiae 3a Q17 art. 2 is consistent with the attribution of a proper being to Christ's human nature. It proceeds in three stages. First, it examines the emergence of the problem of Christ's being through an analysis of the Chalcedonian Decree. In so doing it argues that the decree commits its adherents to accepting that Christ's human nature was an individual nature and it shows how Aquinas used his account of natures and essences to interpret (...) this. Second, it considers five objections to the view which denies a proper being to Christ's human nature. Third, it argues that Christ's individual human nature can possess a proper being because (i) esse does not render an individual nature a person and (ii) the character and function of the divine esse entails that it could not receive any new esse from the individual human nature Christ possesses. (shrink)

What effect does witnessing other students cheat have on one's own cheating behavior? What roles do moral attitudes and neutralizing attitudes (justifications for behavior) play when deciding to cheat? The present research proposes a model of academic dishonesty which takes into account each of these variables. Findings from experimental (vignette) and survey methods determined that seeing others cheat increases cheating behavior by causing students to judge the behavior less morally reprehensible, not by making rationalization easier. Witnessing cheating also has unique (...) effects, controlling for other variables. (shrink)

Lisciandra poses a challenge for robustness analysis as applied to economic models. She argues that substituting tractability assumptions risks altering the main mathematical structure of the model, thereby preventing the possibility of meaningfully evaluating the same model under different assumptions. In such cases RA is argued to be inapplicable. However, Lisciandra is mistaken to take the goal of RA as keeping the mathematical properties of tractability assumptions intact. Instead, RA really aims to keep the modeling component while varying the corresponding (...) mathematical formulation. Thus, her argument concerning whether the associated mathematical properties of certain assumptions can be kept intact is irrelevant to the success of RA. Furthermore, we explicate and develop Lloyd’s account of “model robustness” to provide solutions to Lisciandra’s challenges. Our solutions are, namely, error analysis and independent empirical support. We conclude that although complex economic models do face potential dangers, there are solutions and robustness analysis need not be given up.. (shrink)

Based on the disproportionate amount of attention paid by climate scientists to the supposed global warming hiatus, it has recently been argued that contrarian discourse has “seeped into” climate science. While I agree that seepage has occurred, its effects remain unclear. This lack of clarity may give the impression that climate science has been compromised in a way that it hasn't—such a conclusion should be defended against. To do this I argue that the effects of seepage should be analyzed in (...) terms of objectivity. I use seven meanings of objectivity to analyze contrarian discourse's impact on climate science. The resulting account supports the important point that climate science has not been compromised in a way that invalidates the conclusions its scientists have drawn, despite the reality of seepage having occurred. (shrink)

This study tests an instructional model designed to empower students in an early childhood classroom as emerging digital storytellers. Educators can use digital storytelling to support students’ learning by encouraging them to organize and express their ideas and knowledge in an individual and meaningful way while developing voice and facility in child-computer interactions. This work also helps develop traditional communication skills, fosters collaboration, and strengthens emergent literacy practices. Students may develop enhanced communications skills by learning to organize their ideas, ask (...) questions, express opinions, and construct narratives as they interact with others and computers in the creation of digital stories. The “Emerging Digital Storytellers” instructional model focuses on social-emotional development and finding student voice through writing and digital content construction in the early childhood educational context. (shrink)

Inflammatory responses are essential for the clearance of pathogens and the repair of injured tissues; however, if these responses are not properly controlled chronic inflammation can occur. Chronic inflammation is now recognized as a contributing factor to many age‐associated diseases including metabolic disorders, arthritis, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease. Due to the connection between chronic inflammation and these diseases, it is essential to understand underlying mechanisms behind this process. In this review, factors that contribute to chronic inflammation are discussed. Further, we (...) emphasize the emerging roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) and other noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) in regulating chronic inflammatory states, making them important future diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Copyright Line: © 2015 The Authors BioEssays Published by Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (shrink)

This volume is the first to adress in a comprehensive way one of the main issues raised by Nietzsche's thought. The problem of subjectivity has become crucial in recent debates in Nietzschean scholarship and is key to understanding Nietzsche’s relation to modern philosophy, as well as his tremendous impact on philosophy from the time of his death until today. The collection assembles 25 essays by some of the finest Nietzsche scholars.

Background Although medical ethicists and educators emphasise patient-centred decision-making, previous studies suggest that patients often prefer their doctors to make the clinical decisions. Objective To examine the associations between a preference for physician-directed decision-making and patient health status and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Sociodemographic and clinical information from all consenting general internal medicine patients at the University of Chicago Medical Center were examined. The primary objectives were to (1) assess the extent to which patients prefer an active role in clinical decision-making, (...) and (2) determine whether religious service attendance, the importance of religion, self-rated spirituality, Charlson Comorbidity Index, self-reported health, Vulnerable Elder Score and several demographic characteristics were associated with these preferences. Results Data were collected from 8308 of 11 620 possible participants. Ninety-seven per cent of respondents wanted doctors to offer them choices and to consider their opinions. However, two out of three (67%) preferred to leave medical decisions to the doctor. In multiple regression analyses, preferring to leave decisions to the doctor was associated with older age (per year, OR=1.019, 95% CI 1.003 to 1.036) and frequently attending religious services (OR=1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.1, compared with never), and it was inversely associated with female sex (OR=0.6, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.8), university education (OR=0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.9, compared with no high school diploma) and poor health (OR=0.6, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.9). Conclusions Almost all patients want doctors to offer them choices and to consider their opinions, but most prefer to leave medical decisions to the doctor. Patients who are male, less educated, more religious and healthier are more likely to want to leave decisions to their doctors, but effects are small. (shrink)

Objective To determine whether presenting delivery room management options as defaults influences decisions to resuscitate extremely premature infants. Materials and methods Adult volunteers recruited from the world wide web were randomised to receive either resuscitation or comfort care as the delivery room management default option for a hypothetical delivery of a 23-week gestation infant. Participants were required to check a box to opt out of the default. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of respondents electing resuscitation. Data were analysed (...) using χ2 tests and multivariate logistic regression. Results Participants who were told the delivery room management default option was resuscitation were more likely to opt for resuscitation (OR 6.54 95% CI 3.85 to 11.11, p<0.001). This effect persisted on multivariate regression analysis (OR 7.00, 95% CI 3.97 to 12.36, p<0.001). Female gender, being married or in a committed relationship, being highly religious, experiences with prematurity, and favouring sanctity of life were significantly associated with decisions to resuscitate. Discussion Presenting delivery room options for extremely premature infants as defaults exert a significant effect on decision makers. The information structure of the choice task may act as a subtle form of manipulation. Further, this effect may operate in ways that a decision maker is not aware of and this raises questions of patient autonomy. Conclusion Presenting delivery room options for extremely premature infants as defaults may compromise autonomous decision-making. (shrink)

Objectives: The mental health legislation of most developed countries includes either a dangerousness criterion or an obligatory dangerousness criterion (ODC). A dangerousness criterion holds that mentally ill people may be given treatment without consent if they are deemed to be a risk to themselves or others. An ODC holds that mentally ill people may be given treatment without consent only if they are deemed to be a risk to themselves or others. This paper argues that the dangerousness criterion is unnecessary, (...) unethical and, in the case of the ODC, potentially harmful to mentally ill people and to the rest of the community. Methods: We examine the history of the dangerousness criterion, and provide reasoned argument and empirical evidence in support of our position. Results: Dangerousness criteria are not required to balance the perceived loss of autonomy arising from mental health legislation. Dangerousness criteria unfairly discriminate against the mentally ill, as they represent an unreasonable barrier to treatment without consent, and they spread the burden of risk that any mentally ill person might become violent across large numbers of mentally ill people who will never become violent. Mental health legislation that includes an ODC is associated with a longer duration of untreated psychosis, and probably contributes to a poorer prognosis and an increase risk of suicide and violence in patients in their first episode of psychosis. Conclusions: Dangerousness criteria should be removed from mental health legislation and be replaced by criteria that focus on a patient’s capacity to refuse treatment. (shrink)

All insects appear to have a transport lipoprotein in the hemolymph (blood) that is responsible for moving hydrophobic materials through aqueous compartments. This has been called lipophorin because it is believed to be a reversible transport shuttle. Since most insects undergo some degree of metamorphosis from larval stages to the adult, the need to transport hydrophobic materials or the nature of these materials may change in the course of the life span. This is especially marked in the case of the (...) holometabolous insects – those which undergo drastic change of form, e.g. caterpillar‐pupa‐adult moth. We have found that lipophorin undergoes a molecular metamorphosis paralleling that of the insect. (shrink)

This paper combines the social psychology concept of moral elevation with the evolutionary concept of traditions as descendant-leaving strategies to produce a new explanation of the role of saints in Christianity. Moral elevation refers to the ability of prosocial acts to inspire people to engage in their own acts of charity and kindness. When morally elevating stories and visual depictions become traditional by being passed from one generation to the next, they can produce prosocial behavior advantageous to survival and reproduction (...) among many generations of descendants. Traditions that increase the number of descendants in future generations can be seen as descendant-leaving strategies. Stories and visual depictions of the sacrifices of saints appear to be designed to produce states of moral elevation, and they have been transmitted from one generation to the next for many centuries. We propose that this ability of sacrificing saints to inspire future generations to engage in prosocial acts has contributed to the continuation and spread of Christianity. (shrink)

This article examines a series of Schelling-like models of residential segregation, in which agents prefer to be in the minority. We demonstrate that as long as agents care about the characteristics of their wider community, they tend to end up in a segregated state. We then investigate the process that causes this and conclude that the result hinges on the similarity of informational states among agents of the same type. This is quite different from Schelling-like behavior and suggests that segregation (...) is an instance of macrobehavior that can arise from a wide variety of micromotives. (shrink)

A number of anthropologists have argued that religious concepts are minimally counterintuitive and that this gives them mnemic advantages. This paper addresses the question of why people have the memory architecture that results in such concepts being more memorable than other types of concepts by pointing out the benefits of a memory structure that leads to better recall for minimally counterintuitive concepts and by showing how such benefits emerge in the real‐time processing of comprehending narratives such as folk tales. This (...) model suggests that memorability is not an inherent property of a concept; rather it is a property of the concept, the context in which the concept is presented, and the background knowledge that the comprehendor possesses about the concept. The model predicts how memorability of a concept should change if the context containing the concept were changed. The paper also presents the results of experiments carried out to test these predictions. (shrink)

The scene takes place in O'Higgins Park, in Santiago, Chile, on 1 October 1995. Some women have just taken their place on the stage and the enthusiastic audience is applauding, the women have started singing accompanied by a guitar, but they cannot be heard, for the audience is still applauding. One of the women gets up. Like the others, she is wearing a white blouse and a long black skirt, she is old and her hair is grey. She moves to (...) the front of the stage, chooses her place and stops, her eyes search the horizon but do not wander aimlessly, her eyes are fixed somewhere between the here and the hereafter. When she finds what she is looking for, she raises her right hand to wave a white handkerchief, and the dance begins. The audience, suddenly attentive, watches. And what do they see? Not the woman alone on the stage, but the empty space which she traces. The empty space disturbs us, as Chilean spectators, because the cueca, the national folklore dance, is danced by two people, or it is not danced at all. The invisible other is invoked by this woman's every gesture and we do not smile when faced with the absence of her man because we have a premonition that she is not pretending, we have a premonition that she can see him. The image of women dancing alone has become one of the symbols of the struggle of the families of the disappeared under the dictatorship of General Pinochet. The families are commemorating, on 1 October 1995, the twentieth anniversary of their organization into an association in 1975. The term “the disappeared” has progressively become accepted to indicate the victims of a novel, coercive practice in Chile, since the coup d’état on 11 September 1973. The forced disappearance of people differs from political assassination, as Amnesty International never ceases to indicate in the various reports which it commissions on them. In the Chilean case, this speciality is in part due to the security system which has taken on the responsibility of destroying all organized opposition to the military dictatorship: the DINA, the intelligence service created by the military junta, which is only answerable for its actions to the junta. More fundamentally, the special character of disappearance is due to the invisibility of the victim's body and to the doubt that this invisibility arouses within the victim's family circle: the disappeared is not identified as dead because his death is never certified, on the other hand his sudden and unexplained absence indicates that he is a person in danger and that this danger extends to all those who notice his absence. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar uma intervenção realizada nas turmas do primeiro ano do ensino médio de uma escola localizada na cidade de Ipu-Ceará no ano de 2018, na disciplina de filosofia, com o tema ''Mito da caverna de Platão''. Assim, foram feitas leituras em sala de aula de alguns trechos do livro A República de Platão que aborda o tema, juntamente com o livro didático Filosofando: Introdução à filosofia das autoras Maria Lúcia de Arruda Aranha e Maria Helena (...) Pires Martins com o intuito de referenciar as cavernas contemporâneas. Deste modo, foi utilizado o método de ensino cuja intenção era a de apresentar livros e recursos audiovisuais para fins educacionais. Com a compreensão do mito da caverna de Platão, portanto, conseguimos vinculá-lo a um assunto da realidade dos alunos: a indústria da beleza que padroniza uma determinada forma de comportamento nos indivíduos, causando-lhes sérios problemas físicos e psicológicos. Para sustentar essa ideia, trabalhou-se com dois videoclipes das cantoras Beyoncé (Pretty Hurts) e Colbie Caillat (Try) na tentativa de despertar a reflexão da necessidade de autovalorização e aceitação física, em um distanciamento das cavernas patriarcais. Enfim, esse artigo manifesta uma enorme contribuição para os jovens do ensino médio, especialmente, na sua autoaceitação e formação identitária na medida em que compreendem os padrões como formas de aprisionamentos. Assim, conclui-se que estas discussões são relevantes por despertarem temas caros e reais aos jovens, tanto que promovem adoecimentos psicológicos. O propósito é o de expandir a discussão de tal forma que eles mesmos possam dialogar sobre o assunto. (shrink)

Salvador, antiga capital colonial e contemporaneamente terceira maior metrópole brasileira, é a mais emblemática cidade do processo histórico brasileiro por sua densidade demográfica e cultural negras. Neste artigo fazemos uma análise teórica e empírica sobre as desigualdades socioeconômicas, sociorraciais por cor/raça e sexo para compreender as relações raciais e de gênero nos espaços concretos e simbólicos que marcaram nossa forma de organização do espaço. Os dados estatísticos e cartográficos foram baseados no Censo do IBGE 2000 e analisados socioespacialmente. Na pesquisa (...) qualitativa, utilizamos entrevistas com diversos sujeitos sociais da cidade para analisar a percepção das pessoas sobre a dinâmica social-urbana, sobre racismo, sexismo, discriminação, etc. Assim, articulamos classe, gênero, raça e espaço como categorias centrais de análise nas suas interseccionalidades para compreender como o sexismo, racismo e classismo, ao hierarquizar os indivíduos segundo atributos físicos em superiores e inferiores, são determinantes na formação sócio-histórica no Brasil. Busca-se compreender esses fenômenos como estruturantes das desigualdades socioeconômicas e sociorraciais e culturais como se expressam no espaço urbano, particularmente as territorialidades negras e femininas e seus múltiplos significados, para pensar os processos coletivos, os processos libertários, o Direito à Cidade nas perspectivas feminista, anti-racista e anti-classista. (shrink)

Este escrito se propone pensar el papel de las imágenes y de la «invención» en el proyecto de la Unidad Popular. Si la inventiva, como forma de entender el trabajo colectivo, surge en distintas iniciativas de la UP que buscan mejorar las condiciones de vida de los trabajadores, a la vez que intentando legitimar el proyecto socialista al consolidar sus logros y su capacidad de funcionar como alternativa a los modelos de producción capitalista, la invención en tanto «combinación original de (...) rayos imitativos» (Tarde) opera en paralelo como una forma de asociatividad inédita promovida por el proyecto popular y, en esa medida, las trayectorias y relaciones que suscita son menos lineales que lo que las imágenes, entendidas como mecanismo de captura y fijación representacional, permiten entender. Es por esto que el artículo se propone pensar otros modos de narrar la Unidad Popular en los que las imágenes funcionen como máquinas o «agenciamientos maquínicos» (Guattari), esto es, como registros de lo múltiple que emergen dentro de una formación social compleja y en constante mutación. Para ello, el texto conecta dos hitos de la UP que inscriben la invención como un eje articulador de la redefinición de lo social: la colección «Nosotros los chilenos», de Quimantú (1971-1973), y el edificio UNCTAD III (1971-1972). (shrink)

BackgroundThe ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines are widely endorsed but compliance is limited. We sought to determine whether journal-requested completion of an ARRIVE checklist improves full compliance with the guidelines.MethodsIn a randomised controlled trial, manuscripts reporting in vivo animal research submitted to PLOS ONE (March–June 2015) were randomly allocated to either requested completion of an ARRIVE checklist or current standard practice. Authors, academic editors, and peer reviewers were blinded to group allocation. Trained reviewers performed outcome adjudication (...) in duplicate by assessing manuscripts against an operationalised version of the ARRIVE guidelines that consists 108 items. Our primary outcome was the between-group differences in the proportion of manuscripts meeting all ARRIVE guideline checklist subitems.ResultsWe randomised 1689 manuscripts (control: n = 844, intervention: n = 845), of which 1269 were sent for peer review and 762 (control: n = 340; intervention: n = 332) accepted for publication. No manuscript in either group achieved full compliance with the ARRIVE checklist. Details of animal husbandry (ARRIVE subitem 9b) was the only subitem to show improvements in reporting, with the proportion of compliant manuscripts rising from 52.1 to 74.1% (X2 = 34.0, df = 1, p = 2.1 × 10−7) in the control and intervention groups, respectively.ConclusionsThese results suggest that altering the editorial process to include requests for a completed ARRIVE checklist is not enough to improve compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. Other approaches, such as more stringent editorial policies or a targeted approach on key quality items, may promote improvements in reporting. (shrink)

Entre 1927 y 1933 Walter Benjamin escribió guiones radiofónicos que fueron transmitidos en Radio Berlín y Radio Fráncfort, y que él mismo actuó y narró al aire, o bien, dirigió y participó en su producción. Aunque el propio Benjamin veía con cierto desdén esas colaboraciones, y de forma similar lo han hecho los estudiosos de su obra —en buena medida por dirigirse al público infantil—, estos trabajos resultan en particular relevantes porque concretan los postulados teóricos del filósofo berlinés en términos (...) de forma y contenido. Este artículo busca mostrar la coherencia entre el trabajo que Benjamin realizó para la radio y su obra filosófica; explorar aquellas piezas radiofónicas para destacar su filo crítico y la manera en que manifiestan la búsqueda presente en Benjamin desde sus escritos de juventud: el despertar del sueño de la modernidad capitalista. (shrink)

La participación masiva de los jóvenes respecto a los sucesos políticos estuvo aquietada por muchos años; sin embargo, con el posicionamiento de las comunicaciones a nivel global, la generación millennial se va involucrando cada vez más. Es así que en el marco de la democracia representativa de develar una participación cada vez más activa, ahora los jóvenes comunican su sentir y su postura, mostrando su conformidad o disconformidad con las decisiones y acontecimientos políticos. Partiendo de esta premisa, y con un (...) enfoque mixto, se aplicó un cuestionario de 16 preguntas a 3474 millennials, estudiantes de institutos superiores y tecnológicos ubicados en Lima; además, se realizó un análisis de las declaraciones de académicos y jefes de Estado, así como de casos internacionales donde se destaca la participación de esta generación, como aconteció en la Primavera Árabe y en otros sucesos ocurridos en Sudamérica, para vislumbrar las brechas que se abren en la estructura política del Perú. (shrink)

I argue that both Mary O'Brien's celebratory analysis of motherhood and Simone de Beauvoir's critical one fail, due to biologism and a lack of historical sense. Both approaches, I claim, are complementary: motherhood need be analysed both as alienating-Beauvoir-and as a potential ground for feminism-O'Brien. I conclude by suggesting that feminism can only reappropriate the female reproductive experience in a critical way.

El presente trabajo se construye alrededor de dos ejes centrales: el aprendizaje rizomático y la era posdigital. El aprendizaje rizomático asienta sus principios en la construcción del conocimiento a partir de las aportaciones del alumnado en tiempo real, con la finalidad de entender la comunidad como currículo. Por su parte, la era posdigital se entiende como la coyuntura en que la tecnología digital es una necesidad social impuesta. Partiendo de que la educación, pese a ser pública, no es gratuita, la (...) digitalización aumenta la brecha socioeconómica entre elalumnado con acceso a herramientas digitales y el que no. Así, se propone la posibilidad de contradigitalización:usar la tecnología digital como una herramienta emancipadora más. Esto es, cuando sea posible, utilizarla de manera competente y equitativa. Ahora bien, cuando esta situación no pueda darse debemos contar con una práctica posdigital que comprenda el sistema-mundo con las mismas o similares posibilidades. Para ello,aprendizaje rizomático y era posdigital serán presentados como núcleos inherentes a la producción de la propuesta pedagógica viniente: la posibilidad de establecimiento de una pedagogía posdigital. Como sustento filosófico se presenta una revisión de literatura de los dos ejes mencionados desde la obra de Deleuze y Guattari,exponiéndose un acercamiento rupturista con las posiciones digitalistas de la educación tecnocapitalista actual. (shrink)

After biologist Deborah Gordon made a series of experimental discoveries in the 1980s, she argued that a change in terminology regarding the division of labor among castes of specialists was needed. Gordon’s investigations of the interactive effects of ants in colonies led her to believe that the established approach Edward O. Wilson had pioneered was biased in a way that made some alternative candidate adaptive explanations invisible. Gordon argued that this was because the term “division of labor” implied a division (...) among specialists that was unwarranted, and proposed “task allocation” as a better description that did not bias research against the alternative causes she had discovered. Gordon’s empirical findings and theoretical proposals also vindicate the initial critics of Wilson’s human sociobiology who have been dismissed as political radicals, but her proposals have been widely misunderstood by many contemporary behavioral ecologists. The terminological and methodological confusions rampant in contemporary discourse can be clarified by applying a framework developed by Elisabeth Lloyd involving an analysis of the constraints imposed by different research questions. Applying this framework will show how the methodological problems involving description raised by the initial critics of Wilson’s human sociobiology extended to his analysis of ants, indicating that they were not challenging Wilson’s naturalistic approach to the study of human evolution, but rather his methods. It will also show how confusion over how Gordon’s proposed research questions have been conflated with the possible answers she has argued ought to be investigated. This in turn will clarify contemporary disputes over her proposal to abandon the term “division of labor.”. (shrink)

Lejos de nuestros modelos, la palabra desorden suele designar la riada anónima del exterior. Querría señalar la fuerza ciega de una corriente humana y terrenal, impetuosamente aleatoria, de la que debemos protegernos. Pero éste no es un libro de ética al estilo usual. No opera con la contraposición del bien al mal, no busca un conjunto de prescripciones para una vida mejor ni una idea del deber que guíe la acción. No intenta que los hombres aprendan a conducirse en términos (...) supuestamente morales, sino que cada uno asuma su indescifrable signo natal y le dé una forma de vida. El vínculo entre ética y alegría, entre moral y fuerza, ha sido peligrosamente olvidado. La disciplina no es reclamada por las señas externas de la organización, sino por el desarrollo interior de la potencia. Este libro intenta actualizar la vieja certeza, oriental y occidental, de que las contingencias externas acaecen siempre con un orden oculto, remotamente inteligible. Según tal experiencia, el pensamiento no es en primer lugar un acto reflexivo que pueda o no realizarse, sino la turbulencia secreta de cualquier presencia material, por apacible que parezca. Lo mismo es ser y pensar, se afirma ya antes de Platón. Se trata de una experiencia vertiginosa y a la vez común, admitida en la más llana –aunque no siempre expresable– sabiduría popular. Si aquí se tiene la pretensión de defenderla, de modo suficientemente comprensible, es por la intención de mostrarla en la más cotidiana y banal actualidad. (shrink)

Esse artigo trata de uma revisão de literatura sobre uma temática muito discutida atualmente no meio educacional: o ensino à distância durante a pandemia do Novo Coronavírus. O objetivo é trazer para o debate os resultados das pesquisas de autores recentes sobre a temática. Para isso, usou-se a metodologia de busca por repositórios e plataformas como Google Schollar, Mendeley, Scielo, entre outras a fim de filtrar autores mais recentes que publicaram sobre esse tipo de tema e tentar entender os desafios (...) dos docentes diante dessa nova perspectiva causada pela pandemia do COVID 19, entre elas a implantação do ensino híbrido nas salas de aula virtuais. Assim, a partir de buscas e pesquisas com docentes e discentes, conseguimos entender a nova dinâmica de trabalho que surge como alternativa viável para a continuidade de semestres letivos, afim de não afetar a progressão acadêmica. (shrink)